Ndipotu, anthu akhala akuyesera kufufuza njira zina zabwino ndi zipangizo zokonzetsera ndikupanga zolakwika zina zamwala kuti apititse patsogolo ubwino ndi zotsatira za miyala. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka pakupanga kwakukulu ndikugwiritsa ntchito miyala masiku ano, monga momwe anthu amafunira kukongola.
Zoonadi, kaya kukongola kwaumunthu kapena kukonza zolakwika za miyala, sikungasiyanitsidwe ndi mbadwo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano ndi zipangizo zatsopano.
Pokhapokha potulutsa zakale ndi kutulutsa zatsopano, ndikugwiritsanso ntchito zida zatsopano zasayansi ndi zomveka panthawi yake, zotsatira za kukonza mwala zimatha kukhala zangwiro, ndipo izi sizingangokhala pa ulalo wa fakitale, komanso ziyenera kusungidwa pakuyika ndikugwiritsa ntchito maulalo kuti muwonjezere phindu lathunthu.
Gawo.1 Kupaka phula
Kupaka miyala pamwamba pa miyala ndi imodzi mwazogwiritsidwa ntchito koyambirira, mtengo wotsika kwambiri, komanso njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwa opanga miyala ena kuti apeze gloss yabwino komanso zotsatira zapa board. Ikhoza kuphimba ming'alu yabwino pamwamba pa bolodi ndikuwonjezera gloss ndi mtundu wa mwala.
Komabe, njira iyi ndi zinthu sizingathe kuthetsa vutoli, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala zolimba.
Ngati bolodi lopangidwa ndi phula likugwiritsidwa ntchito panja, lidzawonetsa maonekedwe ake oyambirira mu nthawi yochepa. Kuonjezera apo, mwala wopangidwa ndi phula sungathe kupuma chifukwa sera imatchinga ma pores a mwala, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa zilonda zamwala ndipo zimapangitsa kuti chitetezo cha miyala chikhale chovuta. Sera imayamwanso fumbi, kupangitsa pamwamba pa mwala wopakidwa kuipitsidwa mosavuta.
Gawo.2 Unsaturated resins amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza miyala ndi kupititsa patsogolo
Miyala ina imakhala ndi ming'alu yachirengedwe ndi mabowo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pamwamba pa bolodi likhale losauka komanso kusweka kumakhala kwakukulu panthawi yokonza ndi kuika, makamaka miyala ndi matabwa akuluakulu. Chifukwa chake, anthu amayambitsa unsaturated resin mu kukonza miyala ndi kukulitsa.
Dzina la sayansi la unsaturated unsaturated resin amene tikukamba ndi unsaturated polyester utomoni. Pamene liniya polima pawiri wopangidwa ndi condensation wa ano zimalimbikitsa kapena unsaturated dibasic asidi ndi zimalimbikitsa kapena unsaturated diol ndi kusungunuka mu monoma (nthawi zambiri styrene) kukhala viscous madzi, timachitcha unsaturated poliyesitala utomoni.
Unsaturated polyester resin ndi utomoni wa thermosetting womwe ungathe kuchiritsidwa mu polima yapamwamba ya molecular network potenthedwa ndi kutentha kapena kuyambitsa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza ndi kupititsa patsogolo mwala kutengera zinthu zotsatirazi: kuthamanga kwamphamvu kwamphamvu; otsika mamasukidwe akayendedwe, yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndi ntchito; kuwala, kuwala bwino; high colloid kuuma, kupukuta bwino; kukonzekera kosavuta, mtengo wotsika.
1) Unsaturated resin yokonza pamwamba pa miyala
Unsaturated resin umachepetsedwa ku viscosity yoyenera, kapena ma pigment oyenera ndi zodzaza ufa zimawonjezeredwa kukonzanso mabowo ndi ming'alu pamiyala. Panthawiyi, timatcha guluu wa miyala. Guluu wapamtundawu umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kukonza ming'alu ndi zolakwika pamiyala ya nsangalabwi panthawi yopanga fakitale ndikudzaza mabowo mu travertine. Pogwiritsa ntchito, bolodi lonselo likhoza kudulidwa ndi guluu kapena kukonzedwa pang'ono malinga ndi zolakwika za bolodi, ndiyeno zimayikidwa mwachibadwa kuti zikhazikitse colloid ndiyeno kupukutidwa kapena kutenthedwa ndi chipangizo kuti colloid ikhale yolimba mwamsanga ndikupukutidwa.
Malingana ndi mfundo zomwe zili pamwambazi, anthu agwiritsa ntchito unsaturated resin pokonza miyala kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo apeza zotsatira zogwira mtima. Komabe, chifukwa cha zofooka za unsaturated unsaturated utomoni wokha, ndi zina zofooka thupi monga mwala kukonza zinthu: osauka zomatira mphamvu ya colloid; kuphulika kwakukulu kwa colloid; kutsika kwakukulu kwa colloid; osauka kukana chinyezi ndi kutentha.
Mawonetseredwe enieni pamwala ndi awa: ming'alu yomwe ili pamtunda wa miyala yomwe imadzazidwa ndi kumangirizidwa idzasweka pamene ikakamizidwa; colloid yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito podzaza idzachepa pambuyo pophatikizana ndikupera; colloid ndi mwala olowa adzachepa ndi kusweka. Choncho, anthu akupitiriza kufufuza kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zina za utomoni ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri yokonza miyala.
2) Unsaturated unsaturated utomoni kulimbikitsa mwala
Miyala ina yokhala ndi ming'alu ndi yotayirira (makamaka marble), makamaka mbale zazikuluzikulu, zimakhala zosavuta kusweka ndi kuwonongeka panthawi yokonza, kuyendetsa ndi kuika, kotero anthu amagwiritsanso ntchito unsaturated resin kulimbikitsa mwala. Kupaka zomatira ndi ukonde kumbuyo kwamwala ndi njira yofala yomwe mafakitale amiyala amagwiritsa ntchito pofuna kupewa kuti miyala isathyoke ndi kuwonongeka. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito, unsaturated resin amapangidwa kukhala mamasukidwe oyenera, ndiyeno amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumbuyo konse kwa mwala, kapena ukonde wa ulusi umamatidwa kuti akwaniritse cholinga cholimbitsa ndi kuthandizira. Panthawiyi, timatchanso unsaturated resin iyi ngati guluu wamwala.
Kuipa kwina kwa unsaturated resin kumapangitsanso kukhala ndi zovuta zina monga guluu wamwala:
Gulu lothandizirali limangogwiritsidwa ntchito pamwamba pa mwala popanda zotsatira zolowera, ndipo silingalimbikitse mwala; sichiyeneranso kuchiza miyala ina yotsika kwambiri komanso yosweka mosavuta popanga mbale zoonda; zomatira zimakhala ndi zomata bwino pamwala, ndipo mbaleyo imawonongeka itatha peeling; wosanjikiza zomatira ali osauka adhesive kwa mwala ndi osauka kukana chinyezi. Pankhani yoyika mwala wonyowa, zomatira ziyenera kung'ambika, apo ayi zitha kugwetsa mwala.
Kusanthula mozama mavutowa, sikovuta kuwona kuti mbale zomwe zimathandizidwa ndi zinthu zolimbikitsirazi zimangogwira ntchito inayake pagawo la fakitale. Pakuyika, ngati guluu uwu wang'ambika, kusweka kwa mbale kumakhalabe kwakukulu.
3) Guluu wa nsangalabwi
Pokambirana unsaturated utomoni monga a kukonza mwala zakuthupi, sitinganyalanyaze guluu wa nsangalabwi, chifukwa zinthu zomwe zimapangidwira mwala pamsika zimakonzedwanso ndi unsaturated resin. Kuphatikiza pa zofooka za unsaturated resin, guluu wa nsangalabwi ili ndi zosungunulira zambiri ndi zodzaza zomwe zimawonjezeredwa panthawi yokonzekera, ndipo kusakhazikika kwa machiritso owonjezera kumapangitsa digiri yake yophatikizika ndi mphamvu zomangirira kukhala zovuta. Choyipa kwambiri ndikuti chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi anthu ena kumangirira zolembera poika makoma amwala. Zoonadi, chifukwa chomwe chimakopa anthu kuti azigwiritsa ntchito sikoyenera kugwiritsira ntchito, komanso kutsika mtengo.
Gawo.3 Epoxy resin yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza miyala ndi kulimbikitsa
Poganizira zofooka za unsaturated resin, zimakhala ndi mavuto ambiri monga zida zopangira miyala, zomwe zimapangitsa anthu kuti aziyang'ana zipangizo zina kuti apange miyala yokonza ndi kulimbitsa mphamvu. Ndi kupititsa patsogolo mosalekeza kwa teknoloji yopanga epoxy resin ndi khalidwe, ndi luso mosalekeza wa machiritso zipangizo, wakhala ndi sayansi ndi wangwiro chuma kukonza miyala ndi kulimbikitsa.
Epoxy resin imatanthawuza organic polima pawiri yomwe ili ndi magulu awiri kapena angapo a epoxy mu molekyulu, yomwe nthawi zambiri imasinthidwa kukhala utomoni wamadzimadzi kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito. Chifukwa mamolekyuwa ali ndi magulu a epoxy, amatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya machiritso kuti apange polima yokhala ndi maukonde amitundu itatu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza miyala ndi kulimbikitsana pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zotsatirazi: zinthu zabwino zakuthupi, mphamvu zomangirira kwambiri; kuchepa kwa colloid kuchiritsa shrinkage; controllability lalikulu la kuchiritsa nthawi, akhoza kuchiritsidwa firiji kapena kutentha; kulemera koyenera kwa maselo, kusinthasintha kosinthika, kunyowa kwabwino komanso permeability; kuchepa pang'ono pamene colloid yachiritsidwa.
1) Epoxy resin yokonza miyala yamwala
Sankhani yoyenera epoxy utomoni ndi kuchiritsa wothandizira, kapena kuwonjezera inki ndi fillers kwa epoxy utomoni pasadakhale, ndi kusakaniza iwo mu mawonekedwe a zigawo A ndi B mu gawo linalake kukonza mabowo ndi ming'alu pamwamba mwala, kotero izo zikhoza kutchedwanso mwala pamwamba guluu. Nthawi zambiri, guluu wamtundu woterewu umagwiritsidwanso ntchito makamaka kukonza ming'alu pamtunda wa granite panthawi yopanga fakitale, kukonza ming'alu ndi zolakwika pamiyala ya nsangalabwi, ndikudzaza mabowo mu travertine. Pogwiritsa ntchito, bolodi lonselo likhoza kudulidwa ndi guluu kapena kukonzedwa pang'ono malinga ndi zolakwika za bolodi, ndiyeno zimayikidwa mwachibadwa kuti zikhazikitse colloid ndiyeno kupukutidwa kapena kutenthedwa ndi chipangizo kuti colloid ikhale yolimba mwamsanga ndikupukutidwa.
Utoto wa epoxy uli ndi zabwino zambiri ngati guluu wamwala kuposa unsaturated resin; ili ndi mphamvu zomangirira kwambiri ndipo gawo lomangira silosavuta kusweka; imakhala ndi mpweya wabwino ndipo imatha kulowa m'ming'alu kuti ipangitse kugwirizana; kuchuluka kwa colloid shrinkage ndi otsika, ndipo guluu pamwamba sidzamira pambuyo kupukuta; imatha kukonza ming'alu yaing'ono ya granite. Epoxy resin ikulowa m'malo mwa unsaturated resin ngati mwala wokonza zinthu zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira.
2) Epoxy resin imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbikitsa mwala
Popeza utomoni wa epoxy uli ndi mphamvu yabwino yomangirira, kutsekemera komanso kukana chinyezi, ukhoza kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati mwala wolimbikitsira mwala wokhotakhota kumbuyo kwa mwalawu kuti usathyoke ndi kusweka. Epoxy resin imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati guluu wamwala, womwe uli ndi zabwino zotsatirazi poyerekeza ndi guluu wa unsaturated unsaturated resin: colloid imakhala ndi permeability ndipo imatha kulowa m'ming'alu kuti igwirizane ndi kukonza; colloid imakhala ndi mphamvu zomangirira bwino ndi miyala yamwala, ndipo guluu wosanjikiza ndi ukonde wochirikiza sudzachotsedwa; chifukwa mphamvu zomangira pakati pa guluu wosanjikiza ndi bolodi ndi mkulu, guluu kumbuyo ndi ukonde wochirikiza siziyenera kung'ambika panthawi yokonza, ndipo kusweka kwa bolodi kumachepetsedwa.
Komabe, ngakhale kuti utomoni wa epoxy uli ndi ubwino wambiri monga mwala wokonza miyala, umakhalabe ndi zofooka zina: nthawi yochiritsa ya colloid ndi yaitali; chiŵerengero cha gulu la AB ndi chokhwima; zida zowumitsira zomwe zilipo ziyenera kusinthidwa panthawi yogwirira ntchito, chifukwa mizere yambiri yokonza guluu idapangidwa molingana ndi unsaturated resin; mtengo wogwiritsira ntchito ndi wapamwamba kuposa unsaturated resin. Poyankha mavutowa, opanga zinthu zathu akuwunikanso mwachangu kuti athetse zotsutsana zina pakati pa nthawi yochiritsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa epoxy resin. Mafakitale ena asinthanso zida zawo kuti zigwirizane ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu kwa epoxy resin.
Ngakhale zili choncho, utomoni wa epoxy ukhoza kulimbikitsidwabe ngati miyala yabwino yokonza ndi kulimbikitsa. Tsopano, ambiri ogulitsa miyala ku Ulaya atengera zipangizo ndi njira za epoxy kuti akonze ndi kulimbikitsa madera akuluakulu a miyala, ndipo amathanso kukwaniritsa zofunikira zakuthupi zopangira zida zolimbikitsira pazinthu zina zokhudzana ndi miyala.